a very serious question:
What if we made a big pile of bombs
and exploded every nuclear weapon
in the world all at once?
Strangely enough, we couldn't find a good source
to answer this question to our satisfaction.
So, we gathered together a few scientists
to calculate what would happen.
And find an answer to this extremely
important scientific problem,
once and for all.
Currently, there are 15,000 nuclear weapons on Earth.
The US and Russia both have around 7,000,
while France, China, the UK,
Pakistan, India, Israel, and North Korea
own around 1,000 between them.
But, how much destructive power is this really?
Let's try to put these numbers into perspective.
On Earth, there are about 4,500 cities or urban areas
with at least 100,000 inhabitants.
Some are bigger than others,
so we'll assume that on average,
we need three nuclear bombs to completely wipe out one city.
This means we could destroy
every single city on planet Earth,
with our nuclear arsenal,
killing more than three billion people
-- roughly half of humanity
in an instant.
And, we'd still have 1,500 nuclear weapons left.
Now that's what an expert would call, "overkill."
So, we can say with confidence,
that we have a lot of nuclear weapons
and they can do a lot of damage.
But, what if we make a huge pile
of all 15,000 bombs and pull the trigger?
Let's drop our nuclear pile in the middle of the Amazon rainforest;
just a show nature who's boss.
Our warheads, piled haphazardly,
fit into a small warehouse.
A typical US warhead has the power
of two hundred thousand tons of TNT.
So, fifteen thousand warheads would be
the equivalent of three billion tons of TNT.
For scale, this is enough
to rebuild the whole island of Manhattan
with every building and skyscraper using stacks of TNT.
The closest thing we can compare
to the energy gathered here, is a volcano.
One of the deadliest volcanic eruptions
in recorded history took place in 1883,
on the island of Krakatoa.
The eruption was so powerful, that 70% of the island,
and the surrounding archipelago, was destroyed
killing tens of thousands of people.
Its effects were felt around
the world for days after the event.
Our nuclear pile contains 15 times
the energy of the Krakatoa volcanic eruption.
So, let's finally push the button.
Three,
two,
one.
In a second,
a fireball 50 kilometers across
vaporizes everything in its way,
and creates a blast wave that flattens
3,000 square kilometers of forest.
Every living thing within
250 kilometers will start to burn.
The explosion will be heard literally around the world,
as the pressure wave circles the Earth
tens of times over the next few weeks.
Millions of tons of incinerated material
are catapulted into the atmosphere.
The mushroom cloud reaches
the outer reaches of the stratosphere,
pushing up against space itself.
After things have calmed down,
a small crater -- about ten kilometers across
is left in the center of the worst
world fires the planet has seen in millennia,
spreading throughout South America,
burning down forests and cities alike.
And, now, the unpleasant part begins.
Extremely radioactive material
will kill living things very quickly,
and a large area several kilometers
around the crater is now uninhabitable,
as is everywhere for hundreds of kilometers downwind.
Much of the fallout is carried high
into the atmosphere by the mushroom cloud
and carried around the planet.
The amount of radioactive material
in the environment doubles worldwide,
which still isn't civilization-ending,
but we may see more cancer for a while.
A portion of the particles will flow
to the edge of space for years
and cause a nuclear winter
that could lower global temperatures
by a few degrees for a few years.
This explosion was pretty bad if
you're in South America, and especially Brazil.
The Amazon rainforest is pretty much history, which is not great.
But, human life will go on.
OK, but what if we explode more nuclear weapons?
Let's suppose humanity decided
to mine every bit of uranium on Earth
and build as many nuclear bombs as possible.
At current usage,
it's estimated that there are around
35 million tons of uranium in Earth's crust;
enough to power human civilization for over 2,000 years,
or to build millions of nuclear warheads.
For the sake of argument,
let's say we create a pile
with the yield of 10 billion Hiroshima bombs,
which makes up a cube three kilometers high
that contains roughly the energy
of the asteroid impact that ended
the age of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
Except, it's also nuclear.
Three,
two,
one.
Our pile explodes in a fireball
stretching so high into the sky
that it's visible from half of South America,
with so much power that
the ground just splashes like water
forming a crater 100 kilometers across.
Bedrock on the scale of whole mountain ranges
is vaporized in an instant,
while thousands of tons of material
is catapulted away with such speed,
that it's ejected into space.
Some leaves Earth forever,
while most of it comes raining down
as hot, burning debris
that heats up the atmosphere
to oven-like temperatures,
killing most big animals
and causing fire storms all over the world.
The Earth's crust rings like a bell
struck by global earthquakes
stronger than anything in recorded history,
decimating cities around the world,
while hurricane-force winds flatten
every single tree in South America,
and wildfires consume the continent.
The abundance of hydrocarbons
in the Amazon burn to form ash,
are cast into the atmosphere, darting the sky
and keeping sunlight from reaching the surface,
dropping temperatures to near freezing worldwide.
The ensuing global winter may last for decades,
and results in the extinction
of every large animal species, humans included.
We could also mention that every corner
of the planet is covered with radioactive fallout,
but at this point, it doesn't matter that much anymore.
This is humanity's extinction event.
The astronauts aboard the International Space Station
get to enjoy a great view for a while,
but it's not unlikely that the spray
of rocks blast into orbit will destroy the Station.
Those lucky enough to be in bunkers,
or in submarines deep below the ocean surface,
may survive the longest
before they exhaust their food supplies,
and have to venture out for more.
They'll find the world a
charred, freezing, radioactive wasteland.
The planet, itself, doesn't care at all.
After just a few million years,
the wounds of the explosions have healed
and life is thriving,
arguably even more so
than when humans were around.
If intelligent life emerges again,
it might be able to work out what happened.
When they study geology,
they'll find a bizarre and very thin layer of rock
covering the entire world,
enriched in radioactive elements like uranium,
and the other nasty things it decays to,
mixed with rare earth metals
and plastics that humans used.
They would probably be very, very confused.
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